Region
Eastern Europe & Central Asia
Income group
Upper middle income
Most populous city
Skopje

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Arbitrating Commercial Disputes Details
This index compares the strength of countries’ arbitration regimes by examining the laws and regulations governing domestic and international arbitrations, as well as the countries’ adherence to specific international conventions.
QuestionAnswer
* Does your national law recognize arbitration as a means of dispute resolution between private parties in commercial transactions? Yes
* Has your country enacted a specific statute on commercial arbitration? Yes
Please list the relevant laws and the years of their adoption Law on International Commercial Arbitration, adopted on March 30, 2006 (Official Gazette No. 39/2006)
* Please indicate the Web site(s) where the statute(s) can be consulted www.slvesnik.com.mk
Is the statute based on UNCITRAL? Yes
Comment The Law on International Commercial Arbitration does not differ in substance from the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration.
Are there other codes, statutes or legislative provisions governing commercial arbitration in your country? Yes
Please list the relevant laws and the years of their adoption Rules of the Permanent Court of Arbitration attached to the Economic Chamber of Macedonia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia, No. 140/07, dated November 11, 2007);
Rules on Costs of ...moreProceeding before the Permanent Court of Arbitration attached to the Economic Chamber of Macedonia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia No. 140, dated November 21, 2007);
Law on Civil Procedure (Chapter 30) (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia No. 75/2005);
Law on International Private Law (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia No. 87/2007).
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List web sites www.slvesnik.com.mk
Definition of domestic arbitration Domestic arbitration is an arbitration where:
a) the parties are domestic entities or natural persons with permanent residence in the Republic of Macedonia;
b) the considerable portion o ...moref the obligations arising out of the commercial relationship is to be performed on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia; or
c) the subject matter of the dispute is in the closest relation with the territory of the Republic of Macedonia.
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Definition of international arbitration According to the Macedonian Law on International Commercial Arbitration, the arbitration is considered international if:
a) at least one of the parties, at the time of concluding the arbitratio ...moren agreement, is a natural person with the permanent residence outside the territory of the Republic of Macedonia, or is a legal entity which headquarters are outside the territory of the Republic of Macedonia; or
b) the place where a significant part of the obligations arising out of the commercial relationship is to be performed or the place with which the subject of the dispute is in the closest relation, is located outside the territory of the Republic of Macedonia.
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* Are the following types of disputes arbitrable under your country’s national law: (a) Disputes involving rights over immoveable property located within your country: No
* (b) Any intra-company disputes( e.g., disputes over decisions made by the executive bodies of a corporation): Yes
* (c) Disputes involving shareholder arrangements: Yes
* (d) Disputes involving patents/trade marks (excluding administrative actions): Yes
(e) Securities transactions: Yes
List any additional commercial matters not listed above which are not arbitrable under your national law: The Law on International Commercial Arbitration does not strictly determine the matters, which are not arbitrable. However, the following matters are considered non-arbitrable:
disputes involvi ...moreng the rights over immovable property and interruption of estate;
disputes involving aviation and marine transport;
disputes involving execution and bankruptcy procedure.
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* Under your national law, is an arbitration agreement severable from the main contract? Yes
* Can an arbitration agreement be incorporated by reference? Yes
* Can the following method of concluding an agreement constitute a binding arbitration agreement: (a) by electronic communication, including email Yes
* Can the following method of concluding an agreement constitute a binding arbitration agreement: (b) by fax Yes
* Can the following method of concluding an agreement constitute a binding arbitration agreement: by oral agreement No
* Can the following method of concluding an agreement constitute a binding arbitration agreement: by conduct e.g., performance on the part of one party No
* Has your country ratified the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards? Yes
* Under national law, are the state and state entities allowed to enter into arbitration with foreign owned companies in connection with the following: (a) Concession agreements Yes
* Under national law, are the state and state entities allowed to enter into arbitration with foreign owned companies in connection with the following: (b) Infrastructure contracts (e.g, construction contracts) Yes
* Under national law, are the state and state entities allowed to enter into arbitration with foreign owned companies in connection with the following: (c) Contracts dealing with natural resources (e.g., contracts dealing with water rights, mining, oil and gas, etc.) Yes
* Under national law, are the state and state entities allowed to enter into arbitration with foreign owned companies in connection with the following: (d) Other types of contracts/transactions (please list all that apply in the “Comments” column) Yes
Comment N/A
* Has your country ratified the ICSID Convention? Yes
** Has your country adopted a specific statute on commercial mediation or conciliation of commercial disputes? Yes
Comment Law on Mediation, adopted on May 15, 2006   
Additional comment The Republic of Macedonia has developed an efficient legal framework for conducting arbitration. The Macedonian legislation clearly defines every stage of arbitration and consists of the following s ...moretatutes:
Law on International Commercial Arbitration;
Law on Civil Procedure;
Law on International Private Law; and
Rules of the Permanent Court of Arbitration attached to the Economic Chamber of Macedonia.

However, in the Republic of Macedonia arbitration is very rarely used as a method of dispute resolution.

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* Scored ** Bonus Question
This index compares rules for the arbitration process determining how easy it is for parties to design arbitration proceedings in their chosen manner and conduct fair and predictable arbitrations.
QuestionAnswer
* In a domestic arbitration taking place in your country, may the parties freely choose arbitrators to resolve their dispute without regard to: (a) the arbitrator(s)’ nationality: Yes
* In a domestic arbitration taking place in your country, may the parties freely choose arbitrators to resolve their dispute without regard to: (b) the arbitrator(s)’ gender: Yes
* In a domestic arbitration taking place in your country, may the parties freely choose arbitrators to resolve their dispute without regard to: (c) the arbitrator(s)’ professional qualifications: Yes
* May parties choose to conduct the arbitration proceedings in a foreign language in domestic arbitration? Yes
Comment If the proposed arbitrator is not included in the official list of arbitrators, his/her consent is required in order to be appointed.
* In an international arbitration taking place in your country, may the parties freely choose arbitrators to resolve their dispute without regard to: (a) the arbitrator(s)’ nationality: Yes
* In an international arbitration taking place in your country, may the parties freely choose arbitrators to resolve their dispute without regard to: (b) the arbitrator(s)’ gender: Yes
* In an international arbitration taking place in your country, may the parties freely choose arbitrators to resolve their dispute without regard to: (c) the arbitrator(s)’ professional qualifications: Yes
* May parties choose to conduct the arbitration proceedings in a foreign language in an international arbitration? Yes
Comment If the proposed arbitrator is not included in the official list of arbitrators, his/her consent is required in order to be appointed.
* May the parties freely choose the method of appointing arbitrators to resolve their dispute e.g., by subscribing to arbitration institutional rules in a domestic arbitration? Yes
Comment N/A
* May the parties freely choose the method of appointing arbitrators to resolve their dispute e.g., by subscribing to arbitration institutional rules in an international arbitration? Yes
Comment N/A
* May the parties freely choose the number of arbitrators to resolve their dispute in a domestic arbitration? No
Comment However, if the parties have not decided on the number of arbitrators, the number of arbitrators will be three. It has to be an odd number.
* May the parties freely choose the number of arbitrators to resolve their dispute in an international arbitration? No
Comment However, if the parties have not decided on the number of arbitrators, the number of arbitrators will be three. It has to be an odd number.
* Does your national law expressly provide that all arbitrators in arbitrations must be independent and impartial in a domestic arbitration? Yes
Does your national law expressly provide that all arbitrators in arbitrations must be independent and impartial in an international arbitration? According to Article 11 of the Law on International Commercial Arbitration, when appointing arbitrators, the court will consider the qualifications, which arbitrators are required to possess accordin ...moreg to the parties’ agreement, and any circumstances to ensure appointment of an independent and impartial arbitrator. Otherwise, per Article 12, the arbitrator who is not independent and impartial can be excluded from the arbitral proceedings.

In addition, Articles 64 and 449 of the Law on Civil Procedure contain provisions protecting the efficiency of the arbitration process, including those that are directly related to independence and impartiality of arbitrators.
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* Does your national law expressly provide that all arbitrators in arbitrations must be independent and impartial in an international arbitration? Yes
Comment According to Article 12 of the Law on International Commercial Arbitration, the arbitrator who is not independent and impartial can be excluded from the arbitral proceedings.
* May each party, if it chooses to do so, retain a foreign lawyer, not licensed to practice in your country, to represent it in an arbitration proceeding in a domestic arbitration Yes
Comment N/A
* May each party, if it chooses to do so, retain a foreign lawyer, not licensed to practice in your country, to represent it in an arbitration proceeding in an international arbitration Yes
Comment N/A
* Under your national law, are arbitrators expressly bound to preserve confidentiality of arbitration proceedings in a domestic arbitration? Yes
* Under your national law, are arbitrators expressly bound to preserve confidentiality of arbitration proceedings in an international arbitration? Yes
* Is online arbitration (or what is sometimes known as electronic Alternative Dispute Resolution) an available method of dispute resolution in your country for domestic arbitrations? No
* Is online arbitration (or what is sometimes known as electronic Alternative Dispute Resolution) an available method of dispute resolution in your country for international arbitrations? No
Comment This is not regulated by the Law on International Commercial Arbitration.
* Are parties to an arbitration free to choose any arbitration institution, even one that is outside of your country, to administer their arbitration in a domestic arbitration No
* Are parties to an arbitration free to choose any arbitration institution, even one that is outside of your country, to administer their arbitration in an international arbitration Yes
Comment The arbitration tribunal must be a part of an institution, e.g. a chamber of commerce or other organization within the state. Article 441 of the Law on Civil Procedure stipulates that when the disp ...moreute is without international element, the parties may submit their dispute to the Permanent Arbitration Court attached to the Economic Chamber of Macedonia or other organizations, as determined by law. ...less
* Are there any arbitration institutions administering commercial arbitrations in your country? Yes
List the arbitration institutions Disputes without international element involving freely disposable rights can be submitted by the parties to arbitral tribunals established at the chambers of commerce or other Macedonian organizatio ...morens provided by law. In Macedonia, such arbitration inst ...less
* List the arbitration institution's Web sites www.mchamber.mk
* How long, typically, would you estimate the period to be from the filing of the request for arbitration to the constitution of the arbitration tribunal in a domestic arbitration? Answers: 1=Under 30 days; 2=30-180 days; 3=181 days-1 year; 4=over 1 year 2
* How long, typically, would you estimate the period to be from the filing of the request for arbitration to the constitution of the arbitration tribunal in an international arbitration? Answers: 1=Under 30 days; 2=30-180 days; 3=181 days-1 year; 4=over 1 year 2
* How long, typically, would you estimate the period to be from the first hearing of the arbitration tribunal on the merits to the rendering of the arbitration award In a domestic/ international arbitration in your country? Answers: 1=Under 30 days; 2=30-180 days; 3=181 days-1 year; 4=over 1 year 3
* How long, typically, would you estimate the period to be from the first hearing of the arbitration tribunal on the merits to the rendering of the arbitration award In a domestic/ international arbitration in your country? Answers:1=Under 30 days; 2=30-180 days; 3=181 days-1 year; 4=over 1 year 3
Estimate the number of domestic commercial arbitrations carried out in your country's most commonly used arbitration institution within the past 12 months Answers: 1=0-5 cases; 2=6-20 cases; 3=21-100 cases; 4=101-1000 cases; 5=over 1000 cases; 6=N/A 1
Estimate the number of international commercial arbitrations carried out in your country's most commonly used arbitration institution within the past 12 months Answers: 1=0-5 cases; 2=6-20 cases; 3=21-100 cases; 4=101-1000 cases; 5=over 1000 cases; 6=N/A 1
Comment Macedonia has basically one general law on commercial arbitration, because few parties elect arbitration as a means of dispute resolution.
* In an arbitration between a foreign owned company and your state or a state entity, can the parties freely choose the seat of arbitration (i.e., seat outside of your country)? Yes
* In an arbitration between a foreign owned company and the state/state entity, can the parties freely choose institutional arbitration or ad hoc arbitration? No
* In an arbitration between a foreign owned company and the state/state entity, can the parties freely choose the nationality of the arbitrators? Yes
* In an arbitration between a foreign owned company and the state/state entity, can the parties freely choose foreign counsel? Yes
* In an arbitration between a foreign owned company and the state/state entity, can the parties freely choose the applicable procedural rules? Yes
Are there any other restrictions with respect to party's autonomy in commercial arbitration if one of the parties is the state or a state entity? No
Comment N/A
** How often does the state (or state entities) include arbitration clauses in their contracts with foreign companies? Answers: 1=Rarely; 2=Occasionally; 3=Usually; 4=Always or nearly always 3
* Is there a public authority designated to handle administrative, logistical and other issues related to investors’ disputes with the state or a state entity (e.g., specific agency, office of the Prime Minister, etc.)? No
Comment N/A
** How frequently do private parties in your country agree to attempt to settle their commercial disputes through mediation or conciliation? Answers: 1=Rarely; 2=Frequently; 3=Usually; 4=Always or nearly always 1
* Is there an institution (or institutions) in your country that administers the mediation or conciliation of commercial disputes? Yes
Comment Chamber of Mediators of the Republic of Macedonia
Have any of the courts in your country adopted mandatory procedures for mediating commercial disputes (e.g., for screening cases and referring to mediation those that appear susceptible of settlement by mediation, or by establishing “multi-door court houses” that enable parties to choose between litigation and mediation of their disputes)? No
Comment N/A
Additional Comment Due to the fact that arbitration is a very rarely selected means of dispute resolution, there is no evidence on whether the institutions have the capacity of administering quality arbitration proceed ...moreings. ...less
* Scored ** Bonus Question
This index compares the extent of judicial assistance before, during, and after the arbitration proceedings.
QuestionAnswer
* Have the courts in your country stated a “pro-arbitration policy”, i.e., a general policy in favor of enforcing arbitration agreements and arbitration awards, in applying your national law of arbitration In domestic/international arbitrations taking place in your country? No
Comment There is no such official or unofficial policy of the courts. They generally respect the parties’ arbitration agreements with some limited exceptions, but they do not necessarily promote arbitration ...more. ...less
* If the parties have expressly agreed (i.e., in writing) that the arbitration tribunal can rule on its own jurisdiction, will that be upheld by your national courts? Yes
Comment N/A
* If a party brings an action in a court of your country with respect to a dispute that the parties have previously agreed (in a valid arbitration agreement or other writing) must be arbitrated (either in your country or elsewhere) how frequently would the courts in your country decline to hear the case and refer the parties to arbitration In domestic/international arbitrations taking place in your country? Answers: 1=Rarely; 2=Usually; 3=In all or nearly all cases 3
* If a party brings an action in a court of your country with respect to a dispute that the parties have previously agreed (in a valid arbitration agreement or other writing) must be arbitrated (either in your country or elsewhere) how frequently would the courts in your country decline to hear the case and refer the parties to arbitration in international arbitrations taking place in your country? Answers: 1=Rarely; 2=Usually; 3=In all or nearly all cases 3
Comment The court will decline to hear a case if there is an arbitration clause or agreement, unless the arbitration clause or agreement is deemed void.
* Does your national law provide for domestic courts to assist the arbitration process by ordering the production of documents or the appearance of witnesses In domestic arbitrations taking place in your country? Yes
* Does your national law provide for domestic courts to assist the arbitration process by ordering the production of documents or the appearance of witnesses In international arbitrations taking place in your country? Yes
* Are requests for court assistance by ordering the production of documents or the appearance of witnesses generally granted In domestic arbitrations? Yes
* Are requests for court assistance by ordering the production of documents or the appearance of witnesses generally granted in international arbitrations? Yes
Comment The arbitral tribunal or one of the parties to the arbitration proceeding can request assistance from the authorized court of the Republic of Macedonia with obtaining evidence, which the arbitral tri ...morebunal is not able to obtain. ...less
* Does your national law provide for your courts to assist the arbitrators or parties by granting interim relief to prevent immediate and irreparable injury (e.g., preliminary injunctions, the sequestration of property) while the arbitration is pending or before the arbitration has commenced In domestic arbitrations taking place in your country? Yes
* Does your national law provide for your courts to assist the arbitrators or parties by granting interim relief to prevent immediate and irreparable injury (e.g., preliminary injunctions, the sequestration of property) while the arbitration is pending or before the arbitration has commenced In international arbitrations taking place in your country? Yes
* If an immediate need can be shown, how often do courts grant interim relief requests for assistance? Answers: 1=Rarely; 2=Usually; 3=In all or nearly all cases 2
List the law and article which provide for courts' assistance with interim relief. Law on Civil Procedure;
Law on International Commercial Arbitration.
Comment Article 6 of the Law on International Commercial Arbitration states that the courts have the authority to supervise arbitration proceedings, but only in specific situations, such as annulment of the ...morearbitration award and other cases stipulated in Article 6. ...less
Given the amount of the arbitration award ($US100, 000) and the location of the assets (your country's largest business city), what court in your country has jurisdiction to enforce an arbitration award rendered in your country (in domestic or international proceedings)? Enforcement Agency - Private Executors
** Is the court for enforcement of arbitration awards rendered in your country, a higher level court or a specialized court? No
* May a judgment of that court enforcing the award be appealed to a higher court or courts? Yes
May a judgment of that court denying enforcement of the award be appealed to a higher court or courts? Yes
If Yes, indicate the name of the court(s) of appeal Court of Appeals
* In the case of a domestic award, if a party brings an action in court to set aside (vacate or annul) a domestic arbitration award against it, is the court authorized to review that award on the merits? No
* In the case of an international award, if a party brings an action in court to set aside (vacate or annul) a domestic arbitration award against it, is the court authorized to review that award on the merits? No
Under your national law, can a domestic award rendered in favor of a local company be denied confirmation or enforcement, or be set aside, annulled or vacated, by a court in your country on the following grounds: Invalidity of the underlying arbitration agreement or lack of capacity of a party? Yes
Under your national law, can a domestic award rendered in favor of a local company be denied confirmation or enforcement, or be set aside, annulled or vacated, by a court in your country on the following grounds: Lack of a fair hearing? Yes
Under your national law, can a domestic award rendered in favor of a local company be denied confirmation or enforcement, or be set aside, annulled or vacated, by a court in your country on the following grounds: Award deals with matters outside the scope of the arbitraton agreement? Yes
Under your national law, can a domestic award rendered in favor of a local company be denied confirmation or enforcement, or be set aside, annulled or vacated, by a court in your country on the following grounds: Arbitration procedures not in accordance with the parties' s agreement or the governing arbitration law? Yes
Under your national law, can a domestic award rendered in favor of a local company be denied confirmation or enforcement, or be set aside, annulled or vacated, by a court in your country on the following grounds: Subject matter of the dispute not subject to arbitration? Yes
Under your national law, can a domestic award rendered in favor of a local company be denied confirmation or enforcement, or be set aside, annulled or vacated, by a court in your country on the following grounds: Enforcement of the award would be contrary to country's public policy? Yes
Under your national law, can a domestic award rendered in favor of a local company be denied confirmation or enforcement, or be set aside, annulled or vacated, by a court in your country on the following grounds: Error of law? No
Under your national law, can a domestic award rendered in favor of a local company be denied confirmation or enforcement, or be set aside, annulled or vacated, by a court in your country on the following grounds: Award not supported by substantial evidence? No
Under your national law, list any additional grounds under which the domestic award rendered in favor of GlobiCo may be denied confirmation or enforcement, or be set aside, annulled or vacated, by a court in your country. Other grounds include:
a party to the arbitration proceedings was not formally notified of the proceedings;
the award cannot be understood or contains contradictory decisions;
the comp ...moreosition of the arbitration tribunal was not in accordance with the arbitration rules.
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* What is the likelihood that your courts would enforce a domestic arbitration award if no objection to enforcement were filed? Answers: 1=Rarely; 2=Usually; 3=In all or nearly all cases 3
* What is the likelihood that your courts would enforce an international arbitration award if no objection to enforcement were filed? Answers: 1=Rarely; 2=Usually; 3=In all or nearly all cases 3
* Number of days on average necessary to enforce a domestic and international arbitration award in your country: (a) From the filing of an application for enforcement to the date of a hearing for such an application in the first instance court ? 30
* Number of days on average necessary to enforce a domestic and international arbitration award in your country: (b) From the date of the first hearing to the first instance court decision, if no objection to enforcement has been filed? 60
Number of days on average necessary to enforce a domestic and international arbitration award in your country: (c) From the first instance court decision to the decision of the final court of appeal (assuming that all avenues of appeal were pursued). In the second column, please list all relevant courts of appeal? 90
* Number of days on average necessary to enforce a domestic and international arbitration award in your country: (d) From the final court decision granting enforcement to GlobiCo obtaining a writ of execution attaching Supplier’s assets (e.g. bank account)? 15
Comment None of the above procedural steps are applicable in Macedonia because the jurisdiction over enforcement of decisions and awards is vested only in the Enforcement Agency – Private Executors.
Given the amount of the foreign arbitration award ($US100, 000) and the location of the assets (your countrys' largest business city), what court in your country has jurisdiction to enforce a foreign arbitration award (i.e. an award rendered outside of your country)? Basic Court Skopje 2 (as a court of first instance, it has jurisdiction to hear applications for recognition of the international arbitration awards);
Enforcement Agency (Private Executors) (in ...morecharge of enforcing international arbitration awards). ...less
** Is the court for enforcement of arbitration awards rendered outside your country, a higher level court or a specialized court? No
* May a judgment of that court enforcing the award or denying enforcement be appealed to a higher court or courts? Yes
If Yes, indicate the name of the court(s) of appeal Court of Appeals
Under your national law may an arbitration award rendered in another country be denied recognition or enforcement by your country’s courts on the ground of "invalidity of the underlying arbitration agreement or lack of capacity of a party"? Yes
Under your national law may an arbitration award rendered in another country be denied recognition or enforcement by your country’s courts on the ground of lack of a fair hearing? Yes
Under your national law may an arbitration award rendered in another country be denied recognition or enforcement by your country’s courts on the ground of that the award deals with matters outside the scope of the arbitraton agreement? Yes
Under your national law may an arbitration award rendered in another country be denied recognition or enforcement by your country’s courts on the ground that the arbitration procedures not in accordance with the parties' s agreement or the governing arbitration law? Yes
Under your national law may an arbitration award rendered in another country be denied recognition or enforcement by your country’s courts on the ground that the award was set aside in the country where it was made? Yes
Under your national law may an arbitration award rendered in another country be denied recognition or enforcement by your country’s courts on the ground that the subject matter of the dispute not subject to arbitration? Yes
Under your national law may an arbitration award rendered in another country be denied recognition or enforcement by your country’s courts on the ground of public policy? Yes
* Under your national law may an arbitration award rendered in another country be denied recognition or enforcement by your country’s courts on the ground of "error of law"? No
* Under your national law may an arbitration award rendered in another country be denied recognition or enforcement by your country’s courts on the ground of that the award not supported by substantial evidence? No
* Under your national law, list additional grounds under which an arbitration award rendered in another country be denied recognition or enforcement by your country’s courts Other grounds include:
a party to the arbitration proceedings was not formally notified of the proceedings.
the composition of the arbitration tribunal was not in accordance with the partie ...mores' agreement.
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* What is the likelihood that your courts would enforce a foreign award if no objection to enforcement were filed? Answers: 1=Rarely; 2=Usually; 3=In all or nearly all cases 3
* Number of days on average necessary to enforce a foreign arbitration award in your country: (a) From the filing of an application for enforcement to the date of a hearing for such an application in the first instance court ? 30
* Number of days on average necessary to enforce a foreign arbitration award in your country: (b) From the date of the first hearing to the first instance court decision, if no objection to enforcement has been filed? 180
Number of days on average necessary to enforce a foreign arbitration award in your country: (c) From the first instance court decision to the decision of the final court of appeal (assuming that all avenues of appeal were pursued). In the second column, please list all relevant courts of appeal? 105
* Number of days on average necessary to enforce a foreign arbitration award in your country: (d) From the final court decision granting enforcement to GlobiCo obtaining a writ of execution attaching Supplier’s assets (e.g. bank account)? 30
Comment It should be noted that the provided estimates on the length of the proceedings may vary and depend on a particular case.

There is still no practice in Macedonia on enforcement of awards ...more before the Enforcement Agency.
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* In arbitrations involving a state or state entity, can your court(s) review the arbitration award on its merits in connection with recognition and enforcement proceedings? No
Additional Comment In accordance with the Law on International Private Law, foreign arbitration awards are usually equaled with domestic awards and produce a legal action in the Republic of Macedonia. In case of enfor ...morecement of an international award, a party applying for enforcement has to submit the original or a verified copy of the international award and a certification from the competent foreign court that the award has come into effect. Additionally, the award must not violate the Macedonian laws.

There is no information available that the courts recognize and enforce arbitration awards rendered in other countries, but it is believed that there are no obstacles for the courts to recognize and enforce such awards.

In general, Macedonia has developed a stable legal framework for efficient arbitration process. However, there is still a lack of practice in resolving disputes in arbitration.
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* Scored ** Bonus Question